The students were dismissed ahead of time, （) a big snowstorm.

Most students ______ to the Summer Camp were good students.A．invitingB．inviteC．to inviteD．
Most students ______ to the Summer Camp were good students.
A．inviting
B．invite
C．to invite
D．invited

Two groups of students took an English listening t

For the past two years, I have been working on students' evaluation of classroom teaching. I have kept a record of informal conversations【56】some 300 students from at【57】twenty-one colleges and universities. The students were generally【58】and direct in their comments【59】how course work could be better【60】Most of their remarks were kindly【61】—with tolerance rather than bitterness—and frequently were softened by the【62】that the students were speaking【63】some, not all instructors. Nevertheless,【64】the following suggestions and comments indicate, students feel【65】with things as they are in the classroom.
Professors should be【66】from reading lecture notes. " It makes their【67】monotonous
If they are going to read, why not【68】out copies of the lecture？ Then we【69】need to go to class. Professors should【70】repeating lectures material that is in the textbook.【71】we've read the material, we want to【72】it or hear it elaborated on,【73】repeated. "A lot of students hate to buy a【74】text that the professor has written【75】to have his lectures repeat it.
(56)
A．involving
B．counting
C．covering
D．figuring

What the teacher said was so ______ that her students were all ______.A．interesting; movin
What the teacher said was so ______ that her students were all ______.
A．interesting; moving
B．inspiring; encouraged
C．excited; enjoyed
D．bored; aspiring

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There were students in the reading room.
A、niether
B、not
C、no
D、none

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Holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the Lemelson MIT Prize sooner or later.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned

Before the 1970s, college students were treated as children. So many colleges ran in loco parentis system. " In loco parentis" is a Latin term, meaning " in the place of a parent. " It describes when someone else accepts responsibility to act in the interests of a child. This idea developed long ago in British common law to define the responsibility of, teachers toward their students. For years, American courts upheld in loco parentis in cases such as Gott versus Berea College in 1913. Gott owned a restaurant off campus. Berea threatened to expel students who ate at places not owned by the school. The Kentucky high court decided that in loco parentis justified that rule. In loco parentis meant that male and female college students usually had to live in separate buildings. Women had to be back at their dorms by ten or eleven on school nights. But in the 1960s, students began to protest rules and restrictions like these. At the same time, courts began to support students who were being punished for political and social dissent. In 1960, Alabama State College expelled six students who took part in a civil rights demonstration. They sued the school and won. After that, it became harder and harder to defend in loco parentis. At that time, students were not considered adults until 21. Then, in 1971, the 24th amendment to the Constitution set the voting age at eighteen. So in loco parentis no longer really applied. Slowly, colleges began to treat students not as children, but as adults. Students came to be seen as consumers of educational services. Gary Dickstein, an assistant vice president at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, says in loco parentis is not really gone. It just looks different. Todays parents, he says, are often heavily involved in students lives. They are known as "helicopter parents". They always seem to hover over their children. Gary Dickstein says these parents are likely to question decisions, especially about safety issues and grades. They want to make sure their financial investment is not being wasted.
Before the 1970s, many colleges ran in loco parentis system because______.
A．they could take the place of the students" parents
B．parents asked them to do it for the interests of their children
C．this was a tradition established by British colleges
D．college students were regarded as too young to be treated as adults

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A)I first began to investigate the basis of human motivation—and how people persevere after setbacks—as a psychology graduate student at Yale University in the 1960s. Animal experiments by psychologists at the University of Pennsylvania had shown that after repeated failures, most animals conclude that a situation is hopeless and beyond their control. After such an experience an animal often remains passive even when it can effect change—a state they called learned helplessness.
B)People can learn to be helpless, too. Why do some students give up when they encounter difficulty, whereas others who are no more skilled continue to strive and learn？ One answer, I soon discovered, lay in people’s beliefs about why they had failed.
C)In particular, attributing poor performance to a lack of ability depresses motivation more than does the belief that lack of effort is to blame. When I told a group of school children who displayed helpless behavior. that a lack of effort led to their mistakes in math, they learned to keep trying when the problems got tough. Another group of helpless children who were simply rewarded for their success on easier problems did not improve their ability to solve hard math problems. These experiments indicated that a focus on effort can help resolve helplessness and generate success.
D)Later, I developed a broader theory of what separates the two general classes of learners—helpless versus mastery-oriented. I realized these different types of students not only explain their failures differently, but they also hold different “theories” of intelligence. The helpless ones believe intelligence is a fixed characteristic: you have only a certain amount, and that’s that. I call this a “fixed mind-set (思维模式).” Mistakes crack their self-confidence because they attribute errors to a lack of ability, which they feel powerless to change. They avoid challenges because challenges make mistakes more likely. The mastery-oriented children, on the other hand, think intelligence is not fixed and can be developed through education and hard work. Such children believe challenges are energizing rather than intimidating (令人生畏); they offer opportunities to learn Students with such a growth mind-set were destined (注定)for greater academic success and were quite likely to outperform. their counterparts.
E)We validated these expectations in a study in which two other psychologists and I monitored 373 students for two years during the transition to junior high school, when the work gets more difficult and the grading more strict, to determine how their mind-sets might affect their math grades. At the beginning of seventh grade, we assessed the students, mind-sets by asking them to agree or disagree with statements such as “Your intelligence is something very basic about you that you can’t really change.” We then assessed their beliefs about other aspects of learning and looked to see what happened to their grades.
F)As predicted, the students with a growth mind-set felt that learning was a more important goal than getting good grades. In addition, they held hard work in high regard. They understood that even geniuses have to work hard. Confronted by a setback such as a disappointing test grade, students with a growth mind-set said they would study harder or try a different strategy. The students who held a fixed mind-set, however, were concerned about looking smart with less regard for learning. They had negative views of effort, believing that having to work hard was a sign of low ability. They thought that a person with talent or intelligence did not need to work hard to do well. Attributing a bad grade to their own lack of ability, those with a fixed mind-set said that they would study less in the future, try never to take that subject again and consider cheating on future tests.
G)Such different outlooks had a dramatic impact on performance. At the start of junior high, the math achievement test scores of the students with a growth mind-set were comparable to those of students who displayed a fixed mind-set. But as the work became more difficult, the students with a growth mind-set showed greater persistence. As a result, their math grades overtook those of the other students by the end of the first semester—and the gap between the two groups continued to widen during the two years we followed them.
H)A fixed mind-set can also hinder communication and progress in the workplace and discourage, or ignore constructive criticism and advice. Research shows that managers who have a fixed mind-set are less likely to seek or welcome feedback from their employees than are managers with a growth mind-set.
I)How do we transmit a growth mind-set to our children？ One way is by telling stories about achievements that result from hard work. For instance, talking about mathematical geniuses who were more or less born that way puts students in a fixed mind-set, but descriptions of great mathematicians who fell in love with math and developed amazing skills produce a growth mind-set.
J) In addition, parents and teachers can help children by providing explicit instruction regarding the mind as a learning machine. I designed an eight-session workshop for 91 students whose math grades were declining in their first year of junior high. Forty-eight of the students received instruction in study skills only, whereas the others attended a combination of study skills sessions and classes in which they learned about the growth mind-set and how to apply it to schoolwork. In the growth mind-set classes, students read and discussed an article entitled “You Can Grow Your Brain.” They were taught that the brain is like a muscle that gets stronger with use and that learning prompts the brain to grow new connections. From such instruction, many students began to see themselves as agents of their own brain development. Despite being unaware that there were two types of instruction, teachers reported significant motivational changes in 27% of the children in the growth mind-set workshop as compared with only 9% of students in the control group.
K) Research is converging (汇聚)on the conclusion that great accomplishment and even genius is typically the result of years of passion and dedication and not something that flows naturally from a gift.
36.The author’s experiment shows that students with a fixed mind-set believe having to work hard is an indication of low ability.
37.Focusing on effort is effective in helping children overcome frustration and achieve success.
38.We can cultivate a growth mind-set in children by telling success stories that emphasize hard work and love of learning.
39.Students’ belief about the cause of their failure explains their attitude toward setbacks.
40.In the author’s experiment, students with a growth mind-set showed greater perseverance in solving difficult math problems.
41.The author conducted an experiment to find out about the influence of students’ mind-sets on math learning.
42.After failing again and again, most animals give up hope.
43.Informing students about the brain as a learning machine is a good strategy to enhance their motivation for learning.
44.People with a fixed mind-set believe that one’s intelligence is unchangeable.
45.In the workplace, feedback may not be so welcome to managers with a fixed mind-set.

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WILL E－READERS REPLACE THE CONVENTIONAL PAPER BOOK？Kindles, Nooks and other e－readers ar

WILL E-READERS REPLACE THE CONVENTIONAL PAPER BOOK？
Kindles, Nooks and other e-readers are threatening the future of printed books. But reading itself may get a boost from the devices. For example, a study found that the kids felt better about reading after a course in which they used Amazon Kindles. The research is in the _International Journal of Applied Science and Technology._
For two months, 199 middle-school students in a reading improvement class in Texas had 15 to 25 minutes every day when they were free to read on the Kindle. In general, the students felt the device improved their reading ability. And they tended to enjoy using an e-reader.
They noted the ease of carrying multiple books in one device, and the feeling that reading was suddenly a high-tech 21st-century activity rather than a boring waste of time. And some low-level readers who might otherwise be embarrassed to be seen with a simple book liked keeping their peers in the dark about what title they were reading. In the old days, one had to use a fake book-cover to achieve that level of secrecy.
1. Amazon Kindles is a kind of e-books. {T; F}
2. The research done in the _International Journal of Applied Science and Technology_ has lasted for two years. {T; F}
3. The students felt e-books could not improve their reading ability. {T; F}
4. Many students tended to enjoy using an e-reader. {T; F}
5. Some low-level readers used to use fake book-covers to keep their peers in the dark. {T; F}

Sleepy Students Perform. WorseAStaying up an hour or two past bedtime makes it far harder
Sleepy Students Perform. Worse
A Staying up an hour or two past bedtime makes it far harder for kids to learn, say scientists who deprived youngsters of sleep and tested whether their teachers could tell the difference. They could. If parents want their children to thrive academically, "Getting them to sleep on time is as important as getting them to school on time," said psychologist Gahan Fallone, who conducted the research at Brown Medical School.
B The study, unveiled Thursday at an American Medical Association science writers meeting, was conducted on healthy children who had no evidence of sleep--or learning-related disorders. Difficulty paying attention was among the problems the sleepy youngsters faced—raising the question of whether sleep deprivation could prove even worse for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. Fallone now is studying that question, and suspects that sleep problems "could hit children with ADHD as a double whammy."
C Sleep experts have long warned that Americans of all ages don't get enough shuteye. Sleep is important for health, bringing a range of benefits that, as Shakespeare put it, "knits up the raveled sleave of care." Not getting enough is linked to a host of problems, from car crashes as drivers doze off to crippled memory and inhibited creativity. Exactly how much sleep correlates with school performance is hard to prove. So Brown researchers set out to test whether teachers could detect problems with attention and learning when children stayed up late—even if the teachers had no idea how much sleep their students actually got.
D They recruited seventy-four 6- to 12-year-olds from Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts for the three-week study. For one week, the youngsters went to bed and woke up at their usual times. They already were fairly good sleepers, getting nine to 9.5 hours of sleep a night. Another week, they were assigned to spend no fewer than ten hours in bed a night. The other week, they were kept up later than usual: First- and second-graders were in bed no more than eight hours and the older children no more than 6. 5 hours. In addition to parents' reports, the youngsters wore motion-detecting wrist monitors to ensure compliance.
E Teachers weren't told how much the children slept or which week they stayed up late, but rated the students on a variety of performance measures each week. The teachers reported significantly more academic problems during the week of sleep deprivation, the study, which will be published in the journal Sleep in December, concluded. Students who got eight hours of sleep or less a night were more forgetful, had the most trouble learning new lessons, and had the most problems paying attention, reported Fallone, now at the Forest Institute of Professional Psychology.
F Sleep has long been a concern of educators. Potter-Burns Elementary School sends notes to parents reminding them to make sure students get enough sleep prior to the school's yearly achievement testing. Another school considers it important enough to include in the school's monthly newsletters. Definitely there is an impact on students' performance if they come to school tired. However, the findings may change physician practice, said Dr. Regina Benjamin, a family physician in Bayou La Batre, who reviewed the data at the Thursday's AMA meeting. "I don't ask about sleep" when evaluating academically struggling students, she noted. "I'm going to start."
G So how much sleep do kids need？ Recommended amounts range from about ten to eleven hours a night for young elementary students to 8.5 hours for teens. Fallone insists that his own second-grader get ten hours a night, even when it meant dropping soccer the season that practice didn't start until 7:30—too late for her to fit in dinner and time to wind down before she needed to be snoozing. "It's tough," he acknowledged, but "parents must believe in the importa


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