There are numerous subjects that memos deal ____.A、toB、atC、inD、with

numerous/'njuːm（ə）rəs/（）

Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.
It is noteworthy that close to50% of its skilled manpower, including engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs, come from Asia. Prominent among them are Indians and Chinese, and not a few Singaporeans. They include such illustrious names as Vinod Khosla who co-founded Sun Microsystems, Jerry Yang of Yahoo fame and Singaporean Sim Wong Hoo, to name a few.
Many countries have, or are in the process of creating, their own "Silicon Valley". So far, none has as yet threatened the preeminence of the US prototype. What makes Silicon Valley such a unique entity？ There are several crucial factors.
First and foremost, it has the largest concentration of brilliant computer professionals and the best supporting services in the world, and easy access to world-class research institutions, like Stanford University, which continually nurtures would-be geniuses that the industry needs in order to move forward. Without these advantages, the Valley would be a different place.
Secondly, it actively encourages, or even exalts, risk-taking. Hence, failure holds no terror and there is no stigma attached to a failed effort. On the contrary, they will try even harder next time round. Such never-say-die approach is the sine qua non for the ultimate triumph in entrepreneurship and technological breakthrough.
A third decisive factor is the vital role of venture capitalists who willingly support promising start-ups with urgently needed initial capital to get them started. Some would even give failed entrepreneurs a second chance if convinced that a fresh concept might lead to eventual SUCCESS.
Of equal importance, many bright young people and middle level professionals are keen to work for a new venture at substantially reduced remuneration, as it offers more scope for entrepreneurship and job satisfaction than the established companies. There is also a pride of achievement if their efforts contribute to its fruition.
The Valley’s professionals are among the most hardworking people anywhere. A 15-hour day and 7-day week is not uncommon, especially during the start-up stage. They would give up social life, and curtail their family life too, in order to pursue the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. It is this single minded pursuit of excellence, supported by strong ethos of team work and esprit de corps, which sustain them until their mission is accomplished.
Paper qualifications, though useful, is not a be all and end all. More weight is given to a candidate’s proven abilities and aptitude for the job. This is amply demonstrated by industry icons like Apple’s Jobs and Wozniak and Microsoft’s Gates, all college dropouts who might not have emerged in a qualification-conscious community.
While racial prejudice no doubt still exists in the United States, albeit in a less degrading form. as before, it is hardly discernible in the Valley. What counts most is one’s vision and track record, and not one’s nationality, skin colour or creed. This, together with its multiracial society, informal lifestyle. and agreeable climate, lure foreigners to its shores.
However, with the collapse of the US NASDAQ share index earlier this year resulting in the plunge in prices of technology shares listed on it and elsewhere, the hitherto valuable share options held by numerous paper dot.com millionaires have become virtually worthless in these changed circumstances. Those who could not take the heat, as it were, left their employment feeling disillusioned.
Be that as it may, the majority in the Valley view this traumatic experience only as a temporary setback for the
A．look for fame.
B．become rich quickly.
C．take part in a technological revolution.
D．emigrate there.

Our livestock（)not as numerous as they used to be.

There are numerous watch－dog committees ___________ of society.
A. at odd
B. at hand
C. at all levels
D. at once

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根据以下资料，回答{TSE}题。 People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors.But Dr.Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day. To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process.In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 . He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers.The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five.This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration.The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points.This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 . {TS}请在第____处填上正确答案。
A. grant
B. submits
C. transmits
D. delivers


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Much has been written about the potential for management to become isolated from customers and employees. This phenomenon often occurs not just within top management, but also within middle management.
I've seen this isolation phenomenon in many companies. The symptoms are quite apparent: Managers spend a great deal of time talking to themselves and studying operating numbers. They spend precious little time with customers or with employees, trying to understand the system of the business. And when they do spend time with them, they often do not probe deeply into needs, concerns, and opportunities. This phenomenon, often referred to as being" internally focused," can be tremendously insidious.
Although the need for understanding and spending time with customers has been well documented, I find few managers spending time in the field. The benefits of doing so are clear. A visit with your counterparts at customers' distribution centers, for example, not only builds relationships that can prove useful when problems arise, but also uncovers numerous opportunities to enhance your performance and deepen your company's linkage with those customers.
There are many ways to connect with and understand employee perspectives. Some companies have found formal sessions in which senior managers solicit ideas from employees to be very useful. These can be run either as focus groups or as structured discussions.
Managers also should exploit every opportunity to gather organizational knowledge from employees. Some successful managers collect employees' opinions by what often is referred to as" managing by walking around" or the" 10-minute cup of coffee. "They may, for example, go to employees' offices and solicit, their opinions. Or at lunch or when they take a cup of coffee, they" mix with the troops" and solicit their input.
Rather than talk about the latest game, you can solicit employees' ideas by asking questions like: What are you working on？ How's it going？ What's good about our organization？ What could be better？ How could we better serve our customers or improve our processes？ What do you think we Should be doing differently？
You'll be surprised at how valuable a" 10-minute cup of coffee" together with a brief conversation with an employee can be. It will make you a more effective manager.
What is the common problem in management？
A．Infrequent contact with customers and employees.
B．Managers spend little time on study.
C．Managers do not know their employees well.
D．Managers lack of experience.

Massive changes in all of the world's deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it's one of London's parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture.
That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French, is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part in. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irish riders.
The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.
This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here, one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Coca Cola or Budweiser as well.
The skillful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US ＄125, gate receipts alone were a staggering ＄10,000,000. The most important statistic of the clay, however, was the ＄10,000,000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.
So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting that soccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of a sport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.
Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a "World Title" fight, and this means that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!
Globalization of sporting culture means that ______.
A．more people are taking up sports
B．traditional sports are getting popular
C．many local sports are becoming international
D．foreigners are more interested in local sports

阅读：Designing a lens can be compared to playing chess. In chess a player tries　to trap his opponent's

　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

　　Designing a lens can be compared to playing chess. In chess a player tries　to trap his opponent's king in a series of moves. In creating a lens a lens designer attempts to “trap” light by forcing all the rays arising from a single point in the subject to focus on a single point in the image, as a consequence of their passing through a series of transparent(透明的) elements with precisely curved surfaces. Since in both cases the ultimate goal and the means by which it can be attained are known, one is tempted to think there will be a single best decision at any point along the way. The number of possible consequences flowing from any one decision is so large, however, as to bevirtually, if not actually, infinite. Therefore in lens design, as inchess, perfect solutions to a problem are beyond reach. Although this article will be concerned only with the design of photographic lenses, the same principles apply to all lenses.

　　The lens designer has one enormous advantage over the chess player: the designer is free to call on any available source of help to guide him through the staggering number of possibilities. Most of that help once came from mathematics and physics, but recently computer technology, information theory,chemistry, industrial engineering and psychophysics have all contributed to making the lens designer's job immeasurably more productive. Some of the lenses on the market today were inconceivable a decade ago. Others whose design is as much as a century old can now be mass produced at low cost. With the development of automatic production methods, lenses are made by the millions, both out of glass and out of plastics. Today's lenses are better than the best lenses used by the great photographers of the past.Moreover, their price may lower, in spite of the fact that 19th century craftsmen worked for only a few dollars a week and today's lenses are more complex. The lens designer cannot fail to be grateful for the science and technology that have made his work easier and his creations more widely available, but he is also humbled: it is no longer practical for a fine photographic lens to be designed from beginning to end by a single human mind.

　　 31.Lens design and chess playing are similar in that ____.

　　 A) the final goal and the means by which it can be reached are known

　　 B) perfect solutions to a problem can be found

　　 C) any one decision at any point along the way to the goal can bring numerous possible results

　　 D) both A and C

　　 32.The final goal of designing a lens is ____.

　 　A) to trap the opponent's lenses

　 　B) to focus light with lenses

　　 C) to hand make lenses at low cost

　　 D) to reflect light by means of curved surfaces

　　 33.After the passage the author will talk about ____.

　 　A) the principles of designing lenses

　　B) techniques of making contact lenses

　 　C) the design of photographic lenses

　 　D) styles of lenses

　　 34.Which of the following words cannot be used to describe today's lenses？

　　 A) More delicate. B) Cheaper. C) Numerous. D) Unpopular.

　 　35.Lens designers today ____.

　　 A) have a large source of help to fall back on B) receive a low salary

　　 C) are less respectable than those of the past D) are not decisive in the lens design

Section BDirections: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence
Section B
Directions: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your rnachine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.
Numerous experiments have demonstrated that mass is ______ to energy.
A．convertible
B．exchangeable
C．transplantable
D．conceivable

Zoos are among mankind's oldest institutions, dating back at least 4,500 years, and probably more. Across the world they have brought together and displayed live wild animals for people to look at and over the years hundreds of millions have. Any institution with so long a history and so universally attended must reach something in people deeper than idle curiosity. Since it is fashionable to speak of roots today, it might be suggested that zoos allow us to stay in touch with our most primitive roots in a primeval world where human survival depended on knowing the shapes and habits of wild animals. So important were wild creatures to our distant ancestors that they were the most frequent subjects of paintings on cave walls, formed the basis for virtually all early religions, and were in numerous instances worshipped as gods.
Now our survival is threatened more by what we ourselves have worked, and by the stresses of living among these creations, than it is by wild animals to whom we relegate less and less living space with each passing year. In this world the need for good zoological gar-dens is urgent. The exponential growth of human population and the ever-increasing sprawl of cities does more than rob land from wildlife: it pushes the animals father away from city dwellers. People live in brick, concrete, and glass environments where they lose all touch with wilderness; children grow up who have never tried to catch a frog, never seen a hawk soar or a deer step daintily into a forest clearing—let alone watched a herd of elephants amble across the river or a pride of lions stalk prey.
People who have the time and money can take an occasional trip to the remaining wilderness and find, in places where wild animals still live, the renewal of spirit that comes from prolonged visits to wild country. For millions of others who are unable to leave the cities or can't afford to, good zoos laid out among plants and trees can bring what conservationist Lan Player calls "a taste of wilderness''. Perhaps more important in the long run, zoos can help give deprived people an awareness that we share the world with many other animals and should have a decent regard for their worth and right to live. If zoos did no more than accomplish these two ends, they would serve a noble purpose.
As it happens, however, today's zoos can do far more. They can become breeding centers for those wild species whose continued existence has become precarious. The team "captive breeding" has been used to describe this new role of zoos, and this book describes the effort the most important task that zoos have yet undertaken.
In the second sentence of the first paragraph, "hundreds of millions" refers to the great number of_____ .
A．mankind's various institutions
B．zoos across the world
C．live wild animals displayed
D．people who have visited zoos

SmokingSince 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a
Smoking
Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy.
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.
Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.
Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.
It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned