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The Power of a Good Name One summer day my father sent me to buy some wire and fencing to put aroun
One summer day my father sent me to buy some wire and fencing to put around our barn to pen up the bull. At 16, I liked nothing better than getting behind the wheel of our truck and driving into town on the old mill road. Water from the mill's wheel sprayed in the sunshine making a rainbow over the canal and I often stopped there on my way to bathe and cool off for a spell—natural air conditioning. The sun was so hot, I did not need a towel as I was dry by the time I climbed the clay banks and crossed the road ditch to the truck. Just before town, the road shot along the sea where I would collect seashells or gather seaweed beneath the giant crane unloading the ships. This trip was different, though. My father had told me I'd have to ask for credit at the store.
It was 1976, and the ugly shadow of racism was still a fact of life. I'd seen my friends ask for credit and then stand, head down, while a storeowner enquired into whether they were "good for it". Many store clerks watched black youths with the assumption that they were thieves every time they even went into a grocery.
My family was honest. We paid our debts. But just before harvest, all the money flowed out. There were no new deposits at the bank. Cash was short. At Davis Brothers' General Store, Buck Davis stood behind the register, talking to a middle-aged farmer. Buck was a tall, weathered man in a red hunting shirt and I nodded as I passed him on my way to the hardware section to get a container of nails, a coil of binding wire and fencing. I pulled my purchases up to the counter and placed the nails in the tray of the scale, saying carefully, "I need to put this on credit." My brow was moist with nervous sweat and I wiped it away with the back of my arm.
The farmer gave me an amused, cynical look, but Buck's face didn't change. "Sure," he said easily, reaching for his booklet where he kept records for credit. I gave a sigh of relief. "Your daddy is always good for it." He turned to the farmer. "This here is one of James Williams' sons. They broke the mold when they made that man."
The farmer nodded in a neighborly way. I was filled with pride. "James Williams' son." Those three words had opened a door to an adult's respect and trust.
As I heaved the heavy freight into the bed of the truck, I did so with ease, feeling like a stronger man than the one that left the farm that morning. I had discovered that a good name could furnish a capital of good will of great value. Everyone knew what to expect from a Williams: a decent person who kept his word and respected himself too much to do wrong. My great grandfather may have been sold as a slave at auction, but this was not an excuse to do wrong to others. Instead my father believed the only way to honor him was through hard work and respect for all men.
We children—eight brothers and two sisters--could enjoy our good name, unearned, unless and until we did something to lose it. We had an interest in how one another behaved and our own actions as well, lest we destroy the name my father had created. Our good name was and still is the glue that holds our family tight together.
The desire to honor my father's good name spurred me to become the first in our family to go to university. I worked my way through college as a porter at a four-star hotel. Eventually, that good name provided the initiative to start my own successful public relations firm in Washington, D.C．America needs to restore a sense of shame in its neighborhoods. Doing drugs, spending all your money at the liquor store, stealing, or getting a young woman pregnant with no intent to marry her should induce a deep sense of embarrassment. But it doesn't. Nearly one out of three births in America is to a single mother. Many of these children will grow up without the security and guidance they need to become honorable members of society.
Once the social ties and mutual obligations of the family melt away, communities fall apart. While the population has increased only 40 percent since 1960, violent crime in America has increased a staggering 550 percent —and we've become exceedingly used to it. Teen drug use has also risen. In one North Carolina County, police arrested 73 students from 12 secondary schools for dealing drugs, some of them right in the classroom.
Meanwhile, the small signs of civility and respect that hold up civilization are vanishing from schools, stores and streets. Phrases like "yes, ma'am", "no, sir", "thank you" and "please" get a yawn from kids today who are encouraged instead by cursing on television and in music. They simply shrug off the rewards of a good name.
The good name passed on by my father and maintained to this day by my brothers and sisters and me is worth as much now as ever. Even today, when I stop into Buck Davis' shop or my hometown barbershop for a haircut, I am still greeted as James Williams' son. My family's good name did pave the way for me.
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第1题
Long ago, in days of the Roman Empire, people used to believe a god of farming called “Saturn”. They believed that Saturn could make the weather good or bad, and that he had the power to control how much rain would fall.
Before a Roman farmer would plant his fields, he would try to get Saturn to give him good weather. He believed that if he killed an animal for Saturn, he would make Saturn happy. Then Saturn would make sure that the weather was good.
Not only did the people name a planet after Saturn but they also name a day of the week after him. They called this day “Saturn dies”, Latin words which mean “day of Saturn”. In English those words became Saturday.
(1) What was Saturn believed to be in charge of？
A.Rainfall.
B.The power of nature.
C.Farming.
D.Days in a week.
(2) Why did a Roman farmer kill an animal before planting his fields？ Because_______.
A.killing an animal would bring him good luck
B.Saturn enjoyed eating animals
C.Saturn was happy to see animals being killed
D.he wanted to please Saturn so that Saturn would make the weather good for his planting
(3) What was the correct order of what a Roman farmer did before planting his fields？
a. observing the weather
b. killing the animal
c. getting his farm tools ready
d. finding an animal
e. offering it to Saturn
f. waiting for good weather to come
A.a,b,c,d,e,f B.a,b,c,f,d,e
C.a,d,b,e,f,c D.e,a,d,b,c,f
(4) Which of the following is NOT TRUE？
A.Saturn is also the name of planet.
B.The Roman people used to believe Saturn to be their god
C.Saturn was named for the last day of the week.
D.Saturn had three meanings.
(5) What’s the purpose of the author to write this passage？
A.How the Romans worshipped Saturn.
B.Why the Romans believed in Saturn.
C.The different meanings of the word Saturn.
D.How Saturday got its name.
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
Before a Roman farmer would plant his fields, he would try to get Saturn to give him good weather. He believed that if he killed an animal for Saturn, he would make Saturn happy. Then Saturn would make sure that the weather was good.
Not only did the people name a planet after Saturn but they also name a day of the week after him. They called this day “Saturn dies”, Latin words which mean “day of Saturn”. In English those words became Saturday.
(1) What was Saturn believed to be in charge of？
A.Rainfall.
B.The power of nature.
C.Farming.
D.Days in a week.
(2) Why did a Roman farmer kill an animal before planting his fields？ Because_______.
A.killing an animal would bring him good luck
B.Saturn enjoyed eating animals
C.Saturn was happy to see animals being killed
D.he wanted to please Saturn so that Saturn would make the weather good for his planting
(3) What was the correct order of what a Roman farmer did before planting his fields？
a. observing the weather
b. killing the animal
c. getting his farm tools ready
d. finding an animal
e. offering it to Saturn
f. waiting for good weather to come
A.a,b,c,d,e,f B.a,b,c,f,d,e
C.a,d,b,e,f,c D.e,a,d,b,c,f
(4) Which of the following is NOT TRUE？
A.Saturn is also the name of planet.
B.The Roman people used to believe Saturn to be their god
C.Saturn was named for the last day of the week.
D.Saturn had three meanings.
(5) What’s the purpose of the author to write this passage？
A.How the Romans worshipped Saturn.
B.Why the Romans believed in Saturn.
C.The different meanings of the word Saturn.
D.How Saturday got its name.
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
第2题
Passage 2 A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than i
Passage 2
A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than is possible to learn in general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics and war. But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions and psychology. In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestors can be provided by art. (78) In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books.
In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is presented; that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective(主观的): it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps the first truly “political” artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May, 1808, he criticized the Spanish government for its abuse (滥用) of power over people.
In the same way, art can reflect a culture’s religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art had been almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that described people and stories from the Bible. Although most people couldn’t read, they could still understand the Bible stories in the pictures on church walls. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues (雕像) are not holy.
6. More can be learned about a culture from a study of art history than general history because ___.
A. art history shows us nothing but the political values
B. general history only focuses on politics
C. art history gives us an insight (洞察力) into the essential qualities of a time and a place
D. general history concerns only religious beliefs, emotions and psychology
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
Passage 2
A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than is possible to learn in general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics and war. But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions and psychology. In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestors can be provided by art. (78) In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books.
In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is presented; that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective(主观的): it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps the first truly “political” artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May, 1808, he criticized the Spanish government for its abuse (滥用) of power over people.
In the same way, art can reflect a culture’s religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art had been almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that described people and stories from the Bible. Although most people couldn’t read, they could still understand the Bible stories in the pictures on church walls. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues (雕像) are not holy.
6. More can be learned about a culture from a study of art history than general history because ___.
A. art history shows us nothing but the political values
B. general history only focuses on politics
C. art history gives us an insight (洞察力) into the essential qualities of a time and a place
D. general history concerns only religious beliefs, emotions and psychology
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
第3题
There are 10 blanks in the following passage, For each bland there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE answer that best completes the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
He has been proclaimed “the finest mind alive”, “the greatest genius of the late 20th century”, and “Einstein’s heir (继承人)”. Known to millions, ___46__, for his book A brief History of Time (《时间简史》), Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one. His gift ___47___ revealing the mysteries of the universe in a style. that non-scientists can enjoy ___48___ Hawking an instant celebrity (名人) and his book a bestseller in both Britain and America. It has ___49___ in the Guinness Book of Records for spending 184 weeks in The Sunday Times “top-ten” lists, and has sold more than five million copies worldwide --- virtually unheard – of success for a science book.
How did all this happen？ How has a man ___50___ is almost completely paralysed (瘫痪) and unable to speak ___51__ through a computer overcome these ___52___ obstacles and achieved far more than most people ever dream of？
Hawking says: “I soon realized that the rest of the world won’t want to know you if you’re bitter or angry. You have to be ___53__ if you’re to get much sympathy or help.” He goes on: “Nowadays, muscle power is obsolete (无用). What we need ___54___ mind power --- and disabled people are ___55___ good at that ___55__anyone else.” (2005 words)
46. A. far and wide B. by far C. far and away D. so far
47. A. of B. to C. for D. at
48. A. is made B. has been made C. was made D. made
49. A. earned a place B. achieved a fame C. made a name D.gained reputation
50. A. whose B. who C. where D. which
51. A. besides B. despite C. except D. aside from
52. A. difficult B. incredible C. very D. surprising
53. A. negative B. positive C. sensitive D. aggressive
54. A. is B. is to C. are D. are to
55. A. not so…as B. as…as C. the same…as D. so…than
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
He has been proclaimed “the finest mind alive”, “the greatest genius of the late 20th century”, and “Einstein’s heir (继承人)”. Known to millions, ___46__, for his book A brief History of Time (《时间简史》), Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one. His gift ___47___ revealing the mysteries of the universe in a style. that non-scientists can enjoy ___48___ Hawking an instant celebrity (名人) and his book a bestseller in both Britain and America. It has ___49___ in the Guinness Book of Records for spending 184 weeks in The Sunday Times “top-ten” lists, and has sold more than five million copies worldwide --- virtually unheard – of success for a science book.
How did all this happen？ How has a man ___50___ is almost completely paralysed (瘫痪) and unable to speak ___51__ through a computer overcome these ___52___ obstacles and achieved far more than most people ever dream of？
Hawking says: “I soon realized that the rest of the world won’t want to know you if you’re bitter or angry. You have to be ___53__ if you’re to get much sympathy or help.” He goes on: “Nowadays, muscle power is obsolete (无用). What we need ___54___ mind power --- and disabled people are ___55___ good at that ___55__anyone else.” (2005 words)
46. A. far and wide B. by far C. far and away D. so far
47. A. of B. to C. for D. at
48. A. is made B. has been made C. was made D. made
49. A. earned a place B. achieved a fame C. made a name D.gained reputation
50. A. whose B. who C. where D. which
51. A. besides B. despite C. except D. aside from
52. A. difficult B. incredible C. very D. surprising
53. A. negative B. positive C. sensitive D. aggressive
54. A. is B. is to C. are D. are to
55. A. not so…as B. as…as C. the same…as D. so…than
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
第4题
About 70 million Americans are trying to lose weight. That is almost 1 out of every 3 people in the United States. Some people go in diet. This means they eat less of certain foods, especially fats and sugars. Other people exercise with special equipment, take diet pills, or even have surgery. Losing weight is hard work, and it can also cost a lot of money. So why do so many people in the United States want to lose weight？
Many people in the United States worry about not looking young and attractive. For many people, looking good also means being thin. Other people worry about their health. Many doctors say being overweight is not healthy. But are Americans really fat？
Almost 30 million Americans weigh at least 20 percent more than their ideal weight. In fact, the United States is the most overweight country in the world. "The stored fat of adult Americans weighs 2. 3 trillion (兆) pounds, " says University of Massachusetts anthropologist (人类学家) George Armelagos. He says burning off that stored energy would produce enough power for 900, 000 cars to go 12, 000 miles.
Losing weight is hard work, but most people want to find a fast and easy way to take off fat. Bookstores sell lots of diet books. These books tell readers how to lose weight. Each year, dozens of new books like these are written. Each one promises to get rid of fat.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way of losing weight？
A．To eat less fats and sugars.
B．To have surgery.
C．To take much exercise.
D．To work hard.
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
Many people in the United States worry about not looking young and attractive. For many people, looking good also means being thin. Other people worry about their health. Many doctors say being overweight is not healthy. But are Americans really fat？
Almost 30 million Americans weigh at least 20 percent more than their ideal weight. In fact, the United States is the most overweight country in the world. "The stored fat of adult Americans weighs 2. 3 trillion (兆) pounds, " says University of Massachusetts anthropologist (人类学家) George Armelagos. He says burning off that stored energy would produce enough power for 900, 000 cars to go 12, 000 miles.
Losing weight is hard work, but most people want to find a fast and easy way to take off fat. Bookstores sell lots of diet books. These books tell readers how to lose weight. Each year, dozens of new books like these are written. Each one promises to get rid of fat.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way of losing weight？
A．To eat less fats and sugars.
B．To have surgery.
C．To take much exercise.
D．To work hard.
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
第5题
What do we talk about when we talk about money？ We often think about what we can buy with the money we have, what we can’t buy because we don’t have enough and what we’re planning to buy when we have more. We discuss the careers that bring us money and the expenses that take it away. We talk about our favourite shops and restaurants, the causes we support, the places we’ve been and seen. We share dreams that only money can make real.
In short, we talk about everything but money itself. In daily life, money is still a major conversational taboo. This is a shame, because money is as interesting as the things it does and buys, and the more you know about it, the more interesting it is.
As a financial advisor, I’ve seen hundreds of people learn to control their money instead of letting it control them and watched as they increased as they increased their freedom, power and security by handling money consciously. Wouldn’t you like to know that you’ll always have enough money to live exactly as you want to？
You will never be powerful in life until you ’re powerful over your own money. Talking openly about it is the first step.
Which of the following is NOT discussed when we talk about money？
A.The careers that bring us money
B.The causes we support
C.The dreams that only money can make real
D.Money itself
What can we know from the second paragraph？A.We should know more about money itself rather than avoid talking about it.
B.Money itself can interest us and bring us happiness.
C.The more money we earn, the more we should know about it.
D.It is a shame that people talk too much about money.
What does the writer want to say in the third paragraph？A.People should learn how to make money.
B.People should know the value of money.
C.People should learn to control their money.
D.People should know how to use money to increase their power.
The writer’s advice that _____.A.the more you talk about money, the more you can control it.
B.we should learn to be a good master of our money if we want to be powerful in life
C.we should not be so worried about money if we want to have a free life
D.the more money you have, the more powerful you are
What will the writer probably talk about after the last paragraph？A.The importance of money
B.Money, power and security
C.The other steps for people to control money
D.The steps for people to make money
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
In short, we talk about everything but money itself. In daily life, money is still a major conversational taboo. This is a shame, because money is as interesting as the things it does and buys, and the more you know about it, the more interesting it is.
As a financial advisor, I’ve seen hundreds of people learn to control their money instead of letting it control them and watched as they increased as they increased their freedom, power and security by handling money consciously. Wouldn’t you like to know that you’ll always have enough money to live exactly as you want to？
You will never be powerful in life until you ’re powerful over your own money. Talking openly about it is the first step.
Which of the following is NOT discussed when we talk about money？
A.The careers that bring us money
B.The causes we support
C.The dreams that only money can make real
D.Money itself
What can we know from the second paragraph？A.We should know more about money itself rather than avoid talking about it.
B.Money itself can interest us and bring us happiness.
C.The more money we earn, the more we should know about it.
D.It is a shame that people talk too much about money.
What does the writer want to say in the third paragraph？A.People should learn how to make money.
B.People should know the value of money.
C.People should learn to control their money.
D.People should know how to use money to increase their power.
The writer’s advice that _____.A.the more you talk about money, the more you can control it.
B.we should learn to be a good master of our money if we want to be powerful in life
C.we should not be so worried about money if we want to have a free life
D.the more money you have, the more powerful you are
What will the writer probably talk about after the last paragraph？A.The importance of money
B.Money, power and security
C.The other steps for people to control money
D.The steps for people to make money
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
第6题
One of the most successful, influential, and beloved women in American history, Eleanor Roosevelt once said that she had one regret: She wished she had been prettier. Who hasn’t felt the same way？ We are all too awake to our physical imperfections. To overcome them, we spend billions upon billions of dollars every year on cosmetics, diet products, fashion, and plastic surgery.
Why do we care so much about how we look？ Because it matters. Because beauty is powerful. Because even when we learn to value people mostly for being kind and wise and funny, we are still moved by beauty. No matter how much we argue against it or pretend to be immune, beauty exerts its power over us. There is simply no escape.
Aristotle said, “Beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction.” It’s not fair, but it’s true. We simply treat beautiful people better than we do others. Attach a photograph of a beautiful author to an essay, and people will think that it is more creative and more intelligently written than exactly the same essay accompanied by the photo of a homely author.
As children, beautiful people are more likely to become favorites with parents and teachers. Later, they’re more likely to get good jobs and promotion. Beautiful lawyers get paid more than their less attractive colleagues. Good-looking criminals are more likely to win the sympathy of judges and juries. Attractive people in need are more likely to receive help from strangers.
(1)Eleanor Roosevelt’s regret shows ().
A、she was one of the most successful, influential, and beloved women in American history
B、she was not pretty
C、she has many regrets
D、even she was pretty, she wanted to be prettier
(2)“It matters” in paragraph 2 line 1 means ().
A、It is a matter
B、It doesn’t matter
C、It is important
D、It is not important
(3)According to paragraph 2 and paragraph 3, which of the following is not true？
A、We learn to value people mostly for being kind and wise and funny.
B、We can be immune to beauty.
C、Aristotle meant beauty is the best recommendation.
D、People think a beautiful author’s essay is more creative and more intelligently written.
(4)Paragraph 4 is written to show ().
A、beauty is powerful
B、beautiful children are favorites with parents and teachers
C、beautiful lawyers get higher pay than their homely colleagues
D、attractive people receive more help from strangers
(5)The word “good -looking” in paragraph 4 line 3 may mean ().
A、beautiful or handsome
B、lovely
C、careful
D、kind-hearted
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
Why do we care so much about how we look？ Because it matters. Because beauty is powerful. Because even when we learn to value people mostly for being kind and wise and funny, we are still moved by beauty. No matter how much we argue against it or pretend to be immune, beauty exerts its power over us. There is simply no escape.
Aristotle said, “Beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction.” It’s not fair, but it’s true. We simply treat beautiful people better than we do others. Attach a photograph of a beautiful author to an essay, and people will think that it is more creative and more intelligently written than exactly the same essay accompanied by the photo of a homely author.
As children, beautiful people are more likely to become favorites with parents and teachers. Later, they’re more likely to get good jobs and promotion. Beautiful lawyers get paid more than their less attractive colleagues. Good-looking criminals are more likely to win the sympathy of judges and juries. Attractive people in need are more likely to receive help from strangers.
(1)Eleanor Roosevelt’s regret shows ().
A、she was one of the most successful, influential, and beloved women in American history
B、she was not pretty
C、she has many regrets
D、even she was pretty, she wanted to be prettier
(2)“It matters” in paragraph 2 line 1 means ().
A、It is a matter
B、It doesn’t matter
C、It is important
D、It is not important
(3)According to paragraph 2 and paragraph 3, which of the following is not true？
A、We learn to value people mostly for being kind and wise and funny.
B、We can be immune to beauty.
C、Aristotle meant beauty is the best recommendation.
D、People think a beautiful author’s essay is more creative and more intelligently written.
(4)Paragraph 4 is written to show ().
A、beauty is powerful
B、beautiful children are favorites with parents and teachers
C、beautiful lawyers get higher pay than their homely colleagues
D、attractive people receive more help from strangers
(5)The word “good -looking” in paragraph 4 line 3 may mean ().
A、beautiful or handsome
B、lovely
C、careful
D、kind-hearted
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
第7题
A century ago in the United States, when an individual brought suit against a company, public opinion tended to protect that company. But perhaps this phenomenon was most striking in the case of the railroads. Nearly half of all negligence cases decided through 1896 involved railroads. And the railroads usually won.
Most of the cases were decided in state courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on their sides. Government supported the railroad industry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them.
Court decisions always went against railroad workers. A Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchman's negligence ran his engine off the track. The court reasoned that since Farwell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though avoidable had the switchman acted carefully, was a "pure accident". In effect a railroad could never be held responsible for injury to one employee caused by the mistake of another.
In one case where a Pennsylvania Railroad worker had started a fire at a warehouse and the fire had spread several blocks, causing widespread damage, a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned the jury's decision because it argued that the railroad's negligence was the immediate cause of damage only to the nearest buildings. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider.
As the century wore on, public sentiment began to turn against the railroads— against their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness toward individuals.
Which of the following is NOT true in Farwell's case？
A．Farwell was injured because he negligently ran his engine off the track.
B．Farwell would not have been injured if the switchman had been more careful.
C．The court argued that the victim had accepted the risk since he had willingly taken his job.
D．The court decided that the railroad should not be held responsible.
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
Most of the cases were decided in state courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on their sides. Government supported the railroad industry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them.
Court decisions always went against railroad workers. A Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchman's negligence ran his engine off the track. The court reasoned that since Farwell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though avoidable had the switchman acted carefully, was a "pure accident". In effect a railroad could never be held responsible for injury to one employee caused by the mistake of another.
In one case where a Pennsylvania Railroad worker had started a fire at a warehouse and the fire had spread several blocks, causing widespread damage, a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned the jury's decision because it argued that the railroad's negligence was the immediate cause of damage only to the nearest buildings. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider.
As the century wore on, public sentiment began to turn against the railroads— against their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness toward individuals.
Which of the following is NOT true in Farwell's case？
A．Farwell was injured because he negligently ran his engine off the track.
B．Farwell would not have been injured if the switchman had been more careful.
C．The court argued that the victim had accepted the risk since he had willingly taken his job.
D．The court decided that the railroad should not be held responsible.
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
第8题
根据以下资料，回答下列各题。 Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have ___1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health. Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese. While such numerical standards seem ___9___ , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, ___10___ others with a low BMI may be in poor ___11___ .For example, many collegiate and professional football players ___12___ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame. may have high body fat but a ___13___ BMI. Today we have a(an) ___14___ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes___15___ in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes ___16___ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. ___17___very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools. Negative attitudes toward obesity,____18____in health concerns,have stimulated a number of anti-obesity____19____.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign____20____childhood obesity,even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat. 请在第__1__处填上正确答案。
A.denied
B.conduced
C.doubled
D.ensured
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
A.denied
B.conduced
C.doubled
D.ensured
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
第9题
Now elsewhere in the world, Iceland may be spoken of, somewhat breathlessly, as western Europe's last pristine wildness. But the environmental awareness that is sweeping the world had bypassed the majority of Icelanders. Certainly they were connected to their land, the way one is complicatedly connected to, or encumbered by, family one can't do anything about. But the truth is, once you're off the beaten paths of the low-lying coastal areas where everyone lives, the roads are few, and they're all bad, so Iceland's natural wonders have been out of reach and unknown even to its own inhabitants. For them the land has always just been there, something that had to be dealt with and, if possible, exploited—the mind-set being one of land as commodity rather than land as, well, priceless art on the scale of the " Mona Lisa".
When the opportunity arose in 2003 for the national power company to enter into a 40-year contract with the American aluminum company Alcoa to supply hydroelectric power for a new smelter （冶炼厂）, those who had been dreaming of something like this for decades jumped at it and never looked back. Iceland may at the moment be one of the world's richest countries, with a 99 percent literacy rate and long life expectancy. But the project's advocates, some of them getting on in years, were more emotionally attuned to be the country's century upon century of want, hardship, and colonial servitude to Denmark, which officially ended only in 1944 and whose psychological imprint remained relatively fresh. For the longest time, life here had meant little more than a hut, dark all winter, cold, no hope, children dying left and right, earthquakes, plagues, starvation, volcanoes erupting and destroying all vegetation and livestock, all spirit— a world revolving almost entirely around the welfare of one's sheep and, later, on how good the cod catch was. In the outlying regions, it still largely does.
Ostensibly, the Alcoa project was intended to save one of these dying regions— the remote and sparsely populated east— where the way of life had steadily declined to a point of desperation and gloom. After fishing quotas were imposed in the early 1980s to protect fish stocks, many individual boat owners sold their allotments or gave them away, fishing rights ended up mostly in the hands of a few companies and small fishermen were virtually wiped out. Technological advances drained away even more jobs previously done by human hands, and the people were seeing everything they had worked for all their lives turn up worthless and their children move away. With the old way of life doomed, aluminum projects like this one had come to be perceived, wisely or not, as a last chance. "Smelter or death."
The contract with Alcoa would infuse the region with foreign capital, an estimated 400 jobs, and spin-off service industries. It also was a way for Iceland to develop expertise that potentially could be sold to the rest of the world; diversify an economy historically dependent on fish; and, in an appealing display of Icelandic can-do verse, perhaps even protect all of Iceland, once and for all, from the unpredictability of life itself.
" We have to live," Halldor Asgrimsson said. Halldor, a former prime minister and longtime member of parliament from the region, was a driving force behind the project. "We have a right to live. "
According to the passage, most Icelanders view land as something of______.
A．environmental value
B．commercial value
C．potential value for tourism
D．great value for livelihood
When the opportunity arose in 2003 for the national power company to enter into a 40-year contract with the American aluminum company Alcoa to supply hydroelectric power for a new smelter （冶炼厂）, those who had been dreaming of something like this for decades jumped at it and never looked back. Iceland may at the moment be one of the world's richest countries, with a 99 percent literacy rate and long life expectancy. But the project's advocates, some of them getting on in years, were more emotionally attuned to be the country's century upon century of want, hardship, and colonial servitude to Denmark, which officially ended only in 1944 and whose psychological imprint remained relatively fresh. For the longest time, life here had meant little more than a hut, dark all winter, cold, no hope, children dying left and right, earthquakes, plagues, starvation, volcanoes erupting and destroying all vegetation and livestock, all spirit— a world revolving almost entirely around the welfare of one's sheep and, later, on how good the cod catch was. In the outlying regions, it still largely does.
Ostensibly, the Alcoa project was intended to save one of these dying regions— the remote and sparsely populated east— where the way of life had steadily declined to a point of desperation and gloom. After fishing quotas were imposed in the early 1980s to protect fish stocks, many individual boat owners sold their allotments or gave them away, fishing rights ended up mostly in the hands of a few companies and small fishermen were virtually wiped out. Technological advances drained away even more jobs previously done by human hands, and the people were seeing everything they had worked for all their lives turn up worthless and their children move away. With the old way of life doomed, aluminum projects like this one had come to be perceived, wisely or not, as a last chance. "Smelter or death."
The contract with Alcoa would infuse the region with foreign capital, an estimated 400 jobs, and spin-off service industries. It also was a way for Iceland to develop expertise that potentially could be sold to the rest of the world; diversify an economy historically dependent on fish; and, in an appealing display of Icelandic can-do verse, perhaps even protect all of Iceland, once and for all, from the unpredictability of life itself.
" We have to live," Halldor Asgrimsson said. Halldor, a former prime minister and longtime member of parliament from the region, was a driving force behind the project. "We have a right to live. "
According to the passage, most Icelanders view land as something of______.
A．environmental value
B．commercial value
C．potential value for tourism
D．great value for livelihood
第10题
Seven Ways to Save the WorldForget the old idea that conserving energy is a form. of self-
Seven Ways to Save the World
Forget the old idea that conserving energy is a form. of self-denial -- riding bicycles, dimming the lights, and taking fewer showers. These days conservation is all about efficiency: getting the same -- or better -- results from just a fraction of the energy. When a slump in business travel forced Ulrich Romer to cut costs at his family-owned hotel in Germany, he replaced hundreds of the hotel's wasteful light bulbs, getting the same light for 80 percent less power. He bought a new water boiler with a digitally controlled pump, and wrapped insulation around the pipes. Spending about ？100,000 on these and other improvements, he slashed his ？90,000 fuel and power bill by ？60,000 As a bonus, the hotel's lower energy needs have reduced its annual carbon emissions by more than 200 metric tons. "For us, saving energy has been very, very profitable," he says. "And most importantly, we're not giving up a single comfort for our guests."
Efficiency is also a great way to lower carbon emissions and help slow global warming. But the best argument for efficiency is its cost -- or, more precisely, its profitability. That's because quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply, not to mention the drain of rising energy prices.
No wonder efficiency has moved to the top of the political agenda. On Jan. 10, the European Union unveiled a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020. Last March, China imposed a 20 percent increase in energy efficiency by 2020. Even George W. Bush, the Texas oilman, is expected to talk about energy conservation in his State of the Union speech this week.
The good news is that the world is full of proven, cheap ways to save energy. Here are the seven that could have the biggest impact:
Insulate
Space heating and cooling eats up 36 percent of all the world's energy. There's virtually no limit to how much of that can be saved, as prototype "zero-energy homes" in Switzerland and Germany have shown. There's been a surge in new ways of keeping heat in and cold out (or vice versa). The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough, you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even before you start saving on utility bills. Studies have shown that green workplaces (ones that don't constantly need to have the heat or air-conditioner running) have higher worker productivity and lower sick rates.
Change Bulbs
Lighting eats up 20 percent of the world's electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 tons of coal a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs -- a 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.
Compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLs, not only use 75 to 80 percent leas electricity than incandescent bulbs to generate the same amount of light, but they also last 10 times longer, Phasing old bulbs out by 2030 would save the output of 650 power plants and avoid the release of 700 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year.
Comfort Zone
Water boilers, space heaters and air conditioners have been notoriously inefficient. The heat pump has altered that equation. It removes heat from the air outside or the ground below and uses it to supply heat to a building or its water supply. In the summer, the system can be reversed to cool buildings as well.
Most new residential buildings in Sweden are already heated with ground-source heat pumps. Such systems consume almost no conventional fuel at all. Several countries have used subsidies to jumpstart the market, including Japan, where almost 1 million heat pumps have been installed in the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs.
Remake Factories
From steel mills to paper f
A．Raising efficiency.
B．Cutting unnecessary costs.
C．Finding alternative resources.
D．Sacrificing some personal comforts.
Seven Ways to Save the World
Forget the old idea that conserving energy is a form. of self-denial -- riding bicycles, dimming the lights, and taking fewer showers. These days conservation is all about efficiency: getting the same -- or better -- results from just a fraction of the energy. When a slump in business travel forced Ulrich Romer to cut costs at his family-owned hotel in Germany, he replaced hundreds of the hotel's wasteful light bulbs, getting the same light for 80 percent less power. He bought a new water boiler with a digitally controlled pump, and wrapped insulation around the pipes. Spending about ？100,000 on these and other improvements, he slashed his ？90,000 fuel and power bill by ？60,000 As a bonus, the hotel's lower energy needs have reduced its annual carbon emissions by more than 200 metric tons. "For us, saving energy has been very, very profitable," he says. "And most importantly, we're not giving up a single comfort for our guests."
Efficiency is also a great way to lower carbon emissions and help slow global warming. But the best argument for efficiency is its cost -- or, more precisely, its profitability. That's because quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply, not to mention the drain of rising energy prices.
No wonder efficiency has moved to the top of the political agenda. On Jan. 10, the European Union unveiled a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020. Last March, China imposed a 20 percent increase in energy efficiency by 2020. Even George W. Bush, the Texas oilman, is expected to talk about energy conservation in his State of the Union speech this week.
The good news is that the world is full of proven, cheap ways to save energy. Here are the seven that could have the biggest impact:
Insulate
Space heating and cooling eats up 36 percent of all the world's energy. There's virtually no limit to how much of that can be saved, as prototype "zero-energy homes" in Switzerland and Germany have shown. There's been a surge in new ways of keeping heat in and cold out (or vice versa). The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough, you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even before you start saving on utility bills. Studies have shown that green workplaces (ones that don't constantly need to have the heat or air-conditioner running) have higher worker productivity and lower sick rates.
Change Bulbs
Lighting eats up 20 percent of the world's electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 tons of coal a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs -- a 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.
Compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLs, not only use 75 to 80 percent leas electricity than incandescent bulbs to generate the same amount of light, but they also last 10 times longer, Phasing old bulbs out by 2030 would save the output of 650 power plants and avoid the release of 700 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year.
Comfort Zone
Water boilers, space heaters and air conditioners have been notoriously inefficient. The heat pump has altered that equation. It removes heat from the air outside or the ground below and uses it to supply heat to a building or its water supply. In the summer, the system can be reversed to cool buildings as well.
Most new residential buildings in Sweden are already heated with ground-source heat pumps. Such systems consume almost no conventional fuel at all. Several countries have used subsidies to jumpstart the market, including Japan, where almost 1 million heat pumps have been installed in the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs.
Remake Factories
From steel mills to paper f
A．Raising efficiency.
B．Cutting unnecessary costs.
C．Finding alternative resources.
D．Sacrificing some personal comforts.
第11题
Obama's success isn't all good news for black AmericansAs Erin White watched the e
Obama's success isn't all good news for black Americans
As Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. "In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race," she recalls.
"I've always been an achiever," says White, who is studying for an MBA at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. "But there had always been these things in the back of my mind questioning whether I really can be who I want. It was like a shadow, following me around saying you can only go so far. Now it's like a barrier has been let down."
White's experience is what many psychologists had expected - that Obama would prove to be a powerful role model for African Americans. Some hoped his rise to prominence would have a big impact on white Americans, too, challenging those who still harbour racist sentiments. "The traits that characterise him are very contradictory to the racial stereotypes that black people are aggressive and uneducated," says Ashby Plant of Florida State University. "He's very intelligent and eloquent."
Sting in the tail
Ashby Plant is one of a number of psychologists who seized on Obama's candidacy to test hypotheses about the power of role models. Their work is already starting to reveal how the "Obama effect" is changing people's views and behaviour. Perhaps surprisingly, it is not all good news: there is a sting in the tail of the Obama effect.
But first the good news. Barack Obama really is a positive role model for African Americans, and he was making an impact even before he got to the White House. Indeed, the Obama effect can be surprisingly immediate and powerful, as Ray Friedman of Vanderbilt University and his colleagues discovered.
They tested four separate groups at four key stages of Obama's presidential campaign. Each group consisted of around 120 adults of similar age and education, and the test assessed their language skills. At two of these stages, when Obama's success was less than certain, the tests showed a clear difference between the scores of the white and black participants—an average of 12.1 out of 20, compared to 8.8, for example. When the Obama fever was at its height, however, the black participants performed much better. Those who had watched Obama's acceptance speech as the Democrats' presidential candidate performed just as well, on average, as the white subjects.After his election victory, this was true of all the black participants.
Dramatic shift
What can explain this dramatic shift？ At the start of the test, the participants had to declare their race and were told their results would be used to assess their strengths and weaknesses. This should have primed the subjects with "stereotype threat" – an anxiety that their results will confirm negative stereotypes, which has been shown to damage the performance of African Americans.
Obama's successes seemed to act as a shield against this. "We suspect they felt inspired and energised by his victory, so the stereotype threat wouldn't prove a distraction," says Friedman.
Lingering racism
If the Obama effect is positive for African Americans, how is it affecting their white compatriots (同胞)？ Is the experience of having a charismatic (有魅力的) black president modifying lingering racist attitudes？ There is no easy way to measure racism directly; instead psychologists assess what is known as "implicit bias", using a computer-based test that measures how quickly people associate positive and negative words—such as "love" or "evil"—with photos of black or white faces. A similar test can also measure how quickly subjects associate stereotypical traits—such as athletic skills or mental ability—with a particular group.
In a study that will appear in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Plant's team tested 229 students during the height of the Obama fever. They found that implicit bias has fallen by as
A．Excited.
B．Victorious.
C．Anxious.
D．Relieved.
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
Obama's success isn't all good news for black Americans
As Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. "In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race," she recalls.
"I've always been an achiever," says White, who is studying for an MBA at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. "But there had always been these things in the back of my mind questioning whether I really can be who I want. It was like a shadow, following me around saying you can only go so far. Now it's like a barrier has been let down."
White's experience is what many psychologists had expected - that Obama would prove to be a powerful role model for African Americans. Some hoped his rise to prominence would have a big impact on white Americans, too, challenging those who still harbour racist sentiments. "The traits that characterise him are very contradictory to the racial stereotypes that black people are aggressive and uneducated," says Ashby Plant of Florida State University. "He's very intelligent and eloquent."
Sting in the tail
Ashby Plant is one of a number of psychologists who seized on Obama's candidacy to test hypotheses about the power of role models. Their work is already starting to reveal how the "Obama effect" is changing people's views and behaviour. Perhaps surprisingly, it is not all good news: there is a sting in the tail of the Obama effect.
But first the good news. Barack Obama really is a positive role model for African Americans, and he was making an impact even before he got to the White House. Indeed, the Obama effect can be surprisingly immediate and powerful, as Ray Friedman of Vanderbilt University and his colleagues discovered.
They tested four separate groups at four key stages of Obama's presidential campaign. Each group consisted of around 120 adults of similar age and education, and the test assessed their language skills. At two of these stages, when Obama's success was less than certain, the tests showed a clear difference between the scores of the white and black participants—an average of 12.1 out of 20, compared to 8.8, for example. When the Obama fever was at its height, however, the black participants performed much better. Those who had watched Obama's acceptance speech as the Democrats' presidential candidate performed just as well, on average, as the white subjects.After his election victory, this was true of all the black participants.
Dramatic shift
What can explain this dramatic shift？ At the start of the test, the participants had to declare their race and were told their results would be used to assess their strengths and weaknesses. This should have primed the subjects with "stereotype threat" – an anxiety that their results will confirm negative stereotypes, which has been shown to damage the performance of African Americans.
Obama's successes seemed to act as a shield against this. "We suspect they felt inspired and energised by his victory, so the stereotype threat wouldn't prove a distraction," says Friedman.
Lingering racism
If the Obama effect is positive for African Americans, how is it affecting their white compatriots (同胞)？ Is the experience of having a charismatic (有魅力的) black president modifying lingering racist attitudes？ There is no easy way to measure racism directly; instead psychologists assess what is known as "implicit bias", using a computer-based test that measures how quickly people associate positive and negative words—such as "love" or "evil"—with photos of black or white faces. A similar test can also measure how quickly subjects associate stereotypical traits—such as athletic skills or mental ability—with a particular group.
In a study that will appear in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Plant's team tested 229 students during the height of the Obama fever. They found that implicit bias has fallen by as
A．Excited.
B．Victorious.
C．Anxious.
D．Relieved.
请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
大学生认证
